What some people believe
Some spiritual practitioners claim that changes in behaviour or mental health can be caused by spirits of the dead that have stayed on earth instead of moving on. This explanation is not based on evidence.
Possession beliefs vary widely between religions, cultures and individual practitioners. In one version, the spirit works quietly in the background, shifting a person's moods, habits and outlook over months or years. Other versions describe complete control.
There is no reliable scientific evidence that spirits cause these changes. Healthcare professionals may assess experiences described as possession for medical or mental health causes. This does not mean they recognise a supernatural cause.

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Some believers point to sudden mood swings, low mood, anxiety, impulsive behaviour, heavier drinking or drug use, unexplained physical complaints, or a shift in personality or the way someone speaks. There is no agreed checklist, and none of these changes shows that a person is possessed.
These experiences can have medical or psychological causes, or be linked to alcohol or drugs. A GP can assess mood changes, depression, anxiety and concerns about alcohol use. Unexplained physical symptoms deserve proper investigation, because blaming a spirit can mean a treatable condition goes unnoticed.
How quickly a change happens matters. Gradual changes in memory, mood or behaviour can come from thyroid problems, medication side effects or, in older people, dementia, and are worth raising with a GP. Sudden confusion is different. It can follow a head injury, or be a sign of delirium caused by infection, a reaction to medication or another acute illness. Call 999 for sudden confusion, suspected stroke or any other immediate medical emergency.
Anyone taking prescribed medication should not stop or change it without speaking to the prescriber.
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How to respond
If the person believes they are possessed, listen calmly. Avoid arguing, ridiculing them or agreeing that a spirit is responsible. Saying "I can see this is frightening. Let's get some help" can keep the conversation open.
Offer to help book a GP appointment or go along, if they want that. Respect their choices. Relatives should not arrange rituals or share someone's health information without consent, except in an emergency or where there is a safeguarding concern.
Spiritual beliefs can be important to people, and many combine faith with medical care. They should not delay healthcare.
Where to get help
- Emergencies: if someone is in immediate danger or has seriously harmed themselves, call 999 or go to A&E.
- Urgent mental health support: in England, call NHS 111 and choose the mental health option. In Wales, call NHS 111 Wales and choose option 2. In Scotland, call NHS 24 on 111. In Northern Ireland, 111 is not the equivalent route; Lifeline offers crisis support on 0808 808 8000. Check your local NHS or HSC website for current details.
- Someone to talk to: Samaritans offers free, confidential listening support on 116 123, day or night. It is not an emergency service.
- Information: Mind and Rethink Mental Illness explain conditions and treatments in plain language and offer guidance for families.
- Drugs and alcohol: FRANK offers confidential drug advice, and Drinkaware has information on alcohol and local support.
- Carers: Carers UK can help if looking after someone is taking its toll on you.
If spiritual support matters to you or your loved one, speak to a recognised faith leader. In England, the Church of England has specialist diocesan deliverance ministry advisers or teams. Consent, safeguarding and appropriate medical involvement should be treated as essential safeguards, not optional extras. Other faiths and other parts of the UK have their own arrangements.
A religious affiliation does not guarantee safety. Restraint, beating, starving, threats, humiliation, isolation, sexual contact and pressure to stop treatment are abuse, whether or not money changes hands and whatever reason is given. Be especially wary of anyone offering exorcism or "spirit removal" who discourages medical care.
If a child or vulnerable adult is in immediate danger, call 999. For other concerns about a child being harmed because of a belief in possession or witchcraft, contact the police on 101 or children's services; the NSPCC helpline can also advise. Concerns about an adult can go to adult safeguarding. In England, Scotland and Wales, these teams sit with your local council. In Northern Ireland, contact your Health and Social Care Trust.
If someone you love has changed in a way that worries you, arrange a health assessment. If the change is sudden or anyone is in danger, get urgent help.
About 2 years ago she seemed so full of life her house was very cozy and welcoming. After about 2mo in she asked me to move in. Soon later she explained to me how spiritual she is and how she can communicate with people which she called spirit walkers. Soon later we had separated for about 2 months. She had called me out of the blue to come over. So I did. When I walked in the house I noticed the house seemed cold and smelled of weeks old dirty cat litter and wet dog. It seemed as if no one in the house had been down stairs and the animals had taking over the house. Her two younger children one was 14 at the time the other 20. Had not come out of they're rooms. It turns out my ex had been yelling and arguing with her self for weeks. Plants were all dead dirty dishes piled up I couldn't believe what I had witnessed . It broke my heart. I tried my best to help. The more I cleaned the worse it got. It got so bad. It made me do things I am not proud of like became aggressive with her. She would be little me yell at me it got so bad I tried to comment suicide and she would sit there laughing at me. I would pray and she would get angry the only time she was nice if she needed something like money to buy drugs. She said it was the only thing that kept her in communication with what she was dealing with. And she called it work. I could never talk and it was hard for me to come across anything good. I lost my job my two kids and if anything good was about to happen the worse she got so it never did happen. It hurts me see the woman I once loved this way. And to top it off I find out she has been secretly in love with another man that is currently in prison.
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